2025 Updated Verified Pass L4M2 Exam - Real Questions and Answers
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CIPS L4M2 certification exam consists of multiple choice questions that test the candidate's understanding of various aspects of business analysis. Successful candidates will demonstrate their ability to identify and analyze business problems, develop effective solutions, and communicate these solutions to stakeholders in a clear and concise manner. Defining Business Needs certification is highly valued by employers and can help professionals advance their careers in the field of business analysis. The CIPS L4M2 certification is an excellent way for professionals to demonstrate their expertise and commitment to their profession.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Ymira is asked to develop the specification for water purifier which will be used at the company headquarter.
She believes that the specification can be drafted based on the information available on the Internet, such as blog posts, comparison websites, how-to websites, life hacks, etc. Which of the following traits will make the information more useful?
- A. Trustworthy sources
- B. Written by inexperienced author
- C. Promotional information
- D. Objectivity
- E. Subjectivity
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Internet is a great source of information, however, information from the Internet needs to be tested for accuracy and reliability. To check the information from the Internet, a buyer can use the criteria with acronym SAMOA:
Source (of the information)
Audience (intended as the recipient of the information)
Methodology (used to collect and analyse the data)
Objectivity (of the information - there should be no bias)
Accuracy
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which of the following is the disadvantage of embedding standards in a specification?
- A. Standards are too static and discourage innovation
- B. Standards are too flexible and may cause ambiguity in the specification
- C. Standards do not improving buyer's bargaining power
- D. Embedding standards into specification requires enormous time and effort
Answer: A
Explanation:
"Standards are often produced by professional bodies (maybe national or international bodies). Standards tend to be stable for a period of time, therefore, they are likely to be static and discourage innovation."
NEW QUESTION # 43
A procurement organisation is keen to encourage innovation available within the supply market in the execution of an upcoming significant contract opportunity. A team member suggests that the specification should define the performance indicators so that supplier's solution can be checked against them. Which of the following will enable the organisation to achieve this goal?
- A. Applying a precise performance framework
- B. Establishing transparent selection criteria
- C. Using an output focused specification
- D. Using an outcome focused specification
Answer: C
Explanation:
The buying organisation is keen to encourage innovation so they should use the outcome or output based specification. In an outcome-based specification, umbrella statements like 'good quality', 'ambient temperature', 'convenient way' are often used. This may confuse the suppliers, and it's hard to check the solution that supplier offers. On the other hand, ouput-based specifications often include measurable requirements. For example, a specification for air conditioning system states that the system should maintain the room temperature at 19-24 degrees Celsius. Therefore, output specification is more appropriate in this case.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Thani Ltd is a fast growing logistics company with a fleet of 20 tractors. To meet Net Zero objec-tive, the company needs to electrify its fleet. Angelica is assigned to investigate the market price of electrifying services. After the investigation, she realises that the current market price is very expensive and unsustainable for her company. She decides to break down the costs before negotiating with the suppliers. Which internal stakeholders may help Angelica estimate the breakdown of costs? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Suppliers
- B. Engineering department
- C. Commercial agency
- D. Sales and Marketing department
- E. Finance department
Answer: B,E
Explanation:
Despite of its importance, cost analysis is often a daunting task for procurement professionals. In order to analyse supplier's costs effectively, procurement may need the input from other depart-ments. Normally, technical (or engineering) department may help them to identify the direct costs of the product/service (how much material is required to make the product, or how many people are needed to perform the job, etc), while finance (or accounting) department may have ideas on the overheads of the supplier.
In this scenario, engineering department may provide insights on the components needed and the tasks to perform. Similarly, finance may know how much supplier pays for the overheads.
On the other hand, while commercial agency and suppliers are external stakeholders, Sales and marketing is unlikely to provide valuable information in this case.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Warwickshire Ambulance Service (WAS) is an NHS Trust. It operates throughout Warwickshire and the neighbouring areas. It has three core areas of activity, namely the provision of Emergency Ambulance Services, routine Patient Transport Services, and Logistic Medical Services. The agency is working towards higher service level through benchmarking. Which of the following is the benefit of benchmarking to WAS?
- A. Benchmarking is a panacea for all WAS's problems
- B. It will help WAS analyse the competitors in the industry
- C. It will help WAS create performance standards derived from an analysis of the best in business
- D. It helps WAS identify better ways to deliver service through a cookbook process
Answer: C
Explanation:
Benchmarking is 'the pursuit by organisations of enhanced performance by learning from the suc-cessful practices of others. Benchmarking is a continuous activity; key internal processes are adjusted, performance is monitored, new comparisons are made with the current best performers and further changes are explored.
Where information about these key processes is obtained through a co-operative partnership with specific organisations (rather than via a third party such as an independently-maintained database), there is an expectation of mutual benefit over a period of time.
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NEW QUESTION # 46
Which of the following is the new technology that has impact on manufacturing sector?
- A. Blockchain
- B. Social Media
- C. E-commerce
- D. Robotics
Answer: D
Explanation:
Robots in manufacturing help to create jobs by reshoring more manufacturing work. Robots protect workers from repetitive, mundane and dangerous tasks, while also creating more desirable jobs, such as engineering, programming, management and equipment maintenance.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 47
Which of the following technology is likely to be an innovation in financial sector?
- A. E-commerce
- B. Robotics
- C. E-auction
- D. Blockchain
Answer: D
Explanation:
Traditional financial systems operate with a centralised database, usually with a single point of authority.
Blockchain technology, on the other hand, allows for a distributed database that holds a growing number of records. Instead of existing in one place, the ledger is continually updated and synchronised across multiple computers in a network. Therefore, any participant in the network with the proper authorisation can view the entire ledger - without relying on an intermediary or any one authority.
Another key feature of blockchain technology is a "smart contract," which is a self-executing protocol that enforces a previously agreed arrangement. For example, a smart contract could trigger an automatic refund under certain conditions or the automatic payment of an agreed commission after a sale. These smart contracts can eliminate delays in traditional Finance processes, while increasing transparency and reducing reliance on middlemen to follow through on their commitments. Moreover, like other parts of a blockchain, smart contracts are immutable, so they can enhance accuracy in the financial statements.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 48
Halfords is a major bicycle and car parts retailer with long history in the market. Its suppliers are plentiful and there is no threat of forward integration. Some other smaller retailers are applying 3D-printing technology to make personalized bicycle parts but their market share is relatively low. 3D-printing technology is an example of which competitive force?
- A. Bargaining power of buyer
- B. Rivalry within the industry
- C. New entrants may enter the market
- D. Threat of substitute
Answer: D
Explanation:
3D-printed parts can replace traditional metal parts. They are also more easily customised to fit customer's needs. This technology is an example of threat of substitute in Porter's Five Forces model.
Substitute goods or services that can be used in place of a company's products or services pose a threat.
Companies that produce goods or services for which there are no close substitutes will have more power to increase prices and lock in favorable terms. When close substitutes are available, customers will have the option to forgo buying a company's product, and a company's power can be weakened.
NEW QUESTION # 49
British Steel needs to source a set of instruments that will improve quality of steel. Without these instruments British Steel will loss control of the temperature. The bucket may freeze up, or if it is too hot it leaks out of the casting process, damaging the machine. There is limited supply on the market and quality varies greatly.
Which of the following will be the most appropriate managing approach to procure these items?
- A. Leverage market competition to drive down cost
- B. Bundle these instruments into larger contract
- C. Seek continuity of supply
- D. Form partnership with supplier
Answer: D
Explanation:
The instrument plays a crucial role in steel manufacturing because it presents in the majority of products, in which case lacking this instrument would have significant impact on the organisation's output (production lines stop or damaging other machine). Otherwise, the risk of supply is high because there is limitation in supply. Therefore, it is considered as a strategic item in term of Kraljic's portfolio matrix. Procurement manager should form partnership with suppliers to maximise the value.
The following graph illustrates Kraljic's portfolio matrix:
NEW QUESTION # 50
When should procurement professional tolerate a risk?
- A. When the risk may disrupt the production
- B. When the risk imposes an existential threat
- C. When the risk causes some trivial annoyance
- D. When the risk breaks the relationship with the strategic supplier
Answer: C
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. Our preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T's Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business (such as some trivial annoyance). Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION # 51
Which of the following are the causes of material cost variance?
1. The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery
2. An unprocessed goods received note is missing
3. The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders
4. The purchase is made in emergency
- A. 1 and 3 only
- B. 2 and 4 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
Answer: B
Explanation:
The difference between the standard cost of direct materials specified for production and the actual cost of direct materials used in production is known as Direct Material Cost Variance. Material Cost Variance gives an idea of how much more or less cost has been incurred when compared with the standard cost. Thus, Variance Analysis is an important tool to keep a tab on the deviations from the standard set by a company.
Material Cost Variance can be due to less purchase price being paid than the standard or because of change in the quantity of material used. Thus, Material Cost Variance is made up of two components namely; Material Price Variance and Material Usage Variance.
Among the 4 options:
- 'The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery': The use of e-procurement system can increase the productivity and create labour cost variance, not material cost variance.
- 'An unprocessed goods received note is missing': If a goods received note is missing, the buyer won't pay for that batch, which create quantity variance.
- 'The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders': Overtime salary can cause labour variance, not material cost variance.
- 'The purchase is made in emergency': Normally, the price in emergency situation is higher than usual. This can cause price variance.
NEW QUESTION # 52
Which of the following is the process for improving the value of a new product or service?
- A. Porter's Five Forces
- B. Planning and design
- C. Value engineering
- D. Value analysis
Answer: C
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION # 53
A conformance specification with designs should contain more detail than a performance specification with outputs. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?
- A. False, the outputs should include detailed drawings of the requirement
- B. True, the supplier will need to know exactly what is required
- C. True, the supplier will need to allow for innovation
- D. False, outputs are usually easier to describe than designs
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which of the following statements is true about product life cycle?
- A. The price remains static throughout the product life cycle
- B. If price skimming is adopted, the supplier will gradually lower the price when it attracts enough buyers
- C. Sale volume will be the highest at the introductory stage
- D. The price competition will be the fiercest at the declining stage because the inventories are plentiful
Answer: B
Explanation:
A product's life cycle portrays the length of time a product is in the market; from the beginning of its introduction to consumers until it is removed from shelves and phased out. This cycle is often divided into four phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Depending on the relevant stage, companies will set an according strategy to achieve their desired targets. Pricing and promotions play a pivotal role in the design of these product life cycle strategies. Therefore, product life cycle management, the process of strategizing ways to continuously support and maintain a product, is seen more and more at pricing mature players and could bring real value to your company.
Introduction phase: during the introduction phase, the new product is introduced to consumers and a substantial amount of money is invested in advertising and marketing campaigns to bring awareness of the product to the customer. In this phase competition is low, but units sold will also correspondingly be quite low as well still. Consumers need to be convinced of the benefits of the product. Lots of articles never make it beyond this phase: e.g. 3D televisions.
Profits in the introduction stage tend to be low or there may even be a loss. This is because the cost of marketing to establish product awareness plus distribution costs can be far higher than the revenue received from sales. This can be offset to a degree by 'skimming' price in the very early stages. Skimming a price is where a business charges the highest price that it thinks the market will bear initially until product recognition brings in other buyers and then the price drop.
Growth phase: when it's shown there is proven demand for the product and consumers are buying it, the next stage will be its growth phase. This phase is punctuated by increasing demand, increas-ing production and an increase in the competitive landscape. Availability of the product is under-standably paramount during this phase, going out of stock is unthinkable during the growth period.
The electric car is an example of a product that is currently in the midst of the growth phase.
Maturity phase: normally the maturity phase is the phase that is characterized by declining production and marketing costs due to synergies and economies of scale. During this phase the first signs of market saturation occur and most consumers or households already own the product. Sales numbers still grow, but at a slower pace. In the maturity phase, price competition becomes intense, a broader range of distribution channels are deployed and competition is more focused on competitive pricing, marginal product differences or the difference in services or promotions. This period in the PLC is often said to be the 'cash-cow period'.
That being said, the idea of 'Maturity from the start' also exists. This occurs when a brand decides to launch a product extension and directly follows up the maturity phase of an earlier version of the product. For example, the iPhoneX followed up from the 'normal' iPhone-series and therefore the iPhoneX never had to undergo the introduction or growth phase, but immediately started in its maturity phase.
Decline phase: the final phase of the PLC is entered once the product loses market share to other, newer products and the competitive landscape becomes too hard to survive. During this stage, de-mand declines, companies are left with overstock with prices and margins getting depressed. Therefore retailers and brands normally start stunting with promotions during the decline of the PLC to sell their final stock.
A well-known example of a product that has been through the decline phase were the Nokia phones; sales results dramatically decreased after the introduction of the iPhone.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Product development consists of various stages, including planning and analysis, design develop-ment, pre-production, production and maintenance. At which stages the opportunities for cost re-duction will be the greatest?
1. Planning stage
2. Pre-design stage
3. Detail design stage
4. Production stage
5. Logistics support stage
- A. 2 and 5 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
Answer: B
Explanation:
Writing a specification and then procuring and using the product or service has a number of stages. The further on in the process you are, the less potential there is for cost reductions. Therefore, opportunities for cost reduction will be greatest in the two first stages: planning stage and pre-design stage.
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 56
A purchaser is looking for alternative supplies if there is a major disruption to their supply chain, including logistics, manufacturing and all support services. Which of the following method is that purchaser applying?
- A. Treat the risk
- B. Transfer the risk
- C. Terminate the risk
- D. Tolerate the risk
Answer: A
Explanation:
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. CIPS preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T's Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business. Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Finding an alternative sup-plier is an example of treating the risk.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which of the following specific markets engage in creation, liquidation and change of ownership of stock?
- A. Financial
- B. Manufacturing
- C. Construction
- D. Agriculture
- E. Retail
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to Investopedia, the financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms includ-ing banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance com-panies. As noted above, the financial services industry is probably the most important sector of the economy, leading the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.
According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients. This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.
Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advi-sor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.
Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 58
What is a form of testing used to establish if a supplier is meeting the requirements of a specification?
- A. Performance testing
- B. Acceptance testing
- C. User testing
- D. Functional testing
Answer: B
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:Acceptance testing verifies that the supplied product meets the buyer's specification before it is formally accepted. This type of testing typically occurs during delivery or installation phases.
Reference: CIPS Level 4, Quality Assurance in Procurement.
NEW QUESTION # 59
A charity is reviewing their spend and budget after an operation in flooded areas. They realise that the operators save money against the budgeting plan. This saving is known as...?
- A. Negative budget
- B. Negative variance
- C. Positive budget
- D. Positive variance
Answer: B
Explanation:
The difference between the actual spend and budgeted spend is known as variance. The formula for variance is:
Variance = Actual spend - Budgeted spend
Variances can be adverse/unfavourable or favourable ie they can be positive or negative.
Be very careful with these terms. A positive or a negative variance may be favourable or it may be adverse/ unfavourable.
Adverse variances
Adverse variances are those variances that are unfavourable to the firm. Examples would be sales below plan; costs above budget, cash receipts lower than expected, and overtime payment more than forecast.
Favourable variances
Favourable variances are those variances that are beneficial to the business. Examples would be sales ahead of plan, costs below budget, and wages below forecast.
Positive variance
A positive variance occurs where 'actual' exceeds 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples might be actual sales are ahead of the budget.
Negative variance
A negative variance occurs where 'actual' is less than 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples would be when the raw materials cost less than expected, sales were less than predicted, and labour costs were below the budgeted figure.
When the operators create saving, it means that the Actual spend is less than Budgeted spend. Therefore the variance is negative.
Reference:
- Variance analysis
- CIPS study guide page 57-59
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 60
It could be argued that wherever possible, specifications should be more output and outcome focused. Why is this?
- A. So that they can be amended easily after contract award
- B. To reduce the number of options available
- C. So that a specific branded product is provided
- D. To allow as many suppliers as possible to respond
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following are the fair and reasonable comparators in price analysis? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Strike price
- B. Cost driver
- C. Competitive bidding
- D. Price indices
- E. Pricing formula
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
Price Analysis is the process of deciding if the asking price for a product or service is fair and rea-sonable, without examining the specific cost and profit calculations the vendor used in arriving at the price. It is basically a process of comparing the price with known indicators of reasonableness. When adequate price competition does not exist, some other form of analysis is required. Some reasons that could affect adequate price competition are: specifications are not definitive, tolerances are restrictive, or production capacity limits those eligible to bid.
Examples of other forms of price analysis information include:
* Analysis of previous prices paid
* Comparison of vendor's price with the in-house estimate
* Comparison of quotations or published price lists from multiple vendors
* Comparisons with government agencies (such as GSA in the US) published prices A strike price is the set price at which a derivative contract can be bought or sold when it is exercised. For call options, the strike price is where the security can be bought by the option holder; for put options, the strike price is the price at which the security can be sold. Strike price is also known as the exercise price.
A cost driver is the direct cause of a cost and its effect is on the total cost incurred. For example, if you are to determine the amount of electricity consumed in a particular period, the number of units consumed determines the total bill for electricity. In such a scenario, the number of units of electricity consumed is a cost driver.
NEW QUESTION # 62
When preparing through-life specification, which of the following requirements should procure-ment team define besides the physical asset? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Logistics and installation
- B. Customer service
- C. Objectives
- D. Market analysis
- E. Available substitute
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
With through-life management, buyer not only cares about the physical asset but also other factors like customer services and maintenance.
NEW QUESTION # 63
When analyzing direct and indirect costs of potential suppliers for negotiations and planning pur-chasing budget, the procurement manager collects reports from specialist organisations like Mintel, Gartner and Forrester. Which kind of information source is used by the procurement manager?
- A. Market data
- B. Company annual report
- C. RFI
- D. Technical data
Answer: A
Explanation:
Using Porter's value chain helps procurement professionals know what are direct and indirect costs of supplier. Information on direct and indirect costs will have been collected as part of the market analysis. Information sources that may help include the following:
- Company annual reports
- Market data
- Technical data
- Request for information
- Plan visits
- Discount lists
Market data is the information that is collected and analysed by specialist organisations like Mintel, Gartner, Forrester,...
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
NEW QUESTION # 64
Which of the following might be consequences of over-specification? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Better contract management
- B. Limiting competition in supply market
- C. Higher cost due to inessential features
- D. Lack of essential features
- E. Reducing motion waste
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Over-specification can cause problems to buying organisation, include the following:
- Higher expense due to unnecessary features embedded into the product
- Stifle competition because higher requirements will lead to fewer suppliers in the market are able to supply
- Harder to evaluate the trade-offs between different features and attributes in the specification
NEW QUESTION # 65
Sealines Inc is developing its fleet of cargo ships. The company is planning to build a new ship powered by natural gas. Brian, the procurement manager at Sealines, suggests the project team to develop a through-life specification before engaging with the supplier. Is this a correct approach?
- A. Yes, this approach will lower the total cost of ownership
- B. No, a ship is used only once, through-life management is unnecessary
- C. No, the company just needs to select the lowest bidder
- D. Yes, decommissioning and disposal costs will not be accounted in this approach
Answer: A
Explanation:
Through-life management is a approach applied to capital asset. According to Ward and Graves, Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer. According to CIPS study guide, through-life management comprises of 6 parts:
1. Design
2. Manufacture
3. Installation
4. In-service support
5. Decommission and disposal
6. Customer support
In this scenario, the company is planning to procure a ship, which is a capital asset. Through life management is a good approach. Sealines can start with developing through-life specification. This approach may have several benefits:
- It lowers the costs over the whole life of the asset
- It lowers the risks as there is a single company accountable for costs and service over the life of the asset
- A closer match between the asset delivered and the users' needs
- Development of capability over the life of the asset as the supplier continues to get experience of the users' needs and can adapt services to meet them.
NEW QUESTION # 66
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